A good example of this comes from the Arduino Physical Pixel tutorial. This can be done by sending one character across, each with a different meaning. The easiest way to get around this is to try to avoid using characters and numbers at the same time. Numbers are also tricky because they may not actually fit in the byte. However, if there are both characters and numbers are going through, this can lead to messing up the data because a number and a character can have the same byte value, but that does not make them the same. When it is just characters being sent through the serial, it is relatively easy to convert from characters to bytes. These bytes are then read one byte at a time by the other Arduino. When sending things through serial, everything is sent in bytes. Also, note that TX goes to RX and RX goes to TX. There has to be a common ground between the two or else it will not function properly. This shows two Unos, but if a Mega is used, it can be connected to any of the Serial ports on the Mega as long as that is accounted for in the code. The schematic below shows how to connect the two Arduinos together.
This tutorial will focus on Arduino-Arduino communication through the serial ports (RX and TX). This can be done in several methods, using I2C and Serial, to list a few. Having Arduino-Arduino communication can be useful for many projects, such as having one Arduino to run motors and having another sense the surroundings and then relay commands to the other Arduino. It is possible to chain Arduinos together in such a way as to get communication between the two.
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